Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay - 1156 Words

Stay True Few novels go down in history, and even fewer are remembered as symbols of social change. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is a novel remembered by many, and through the decades, as such a novel. The tale of Elizabeth as she overcomes various oppressions has become a classic. Women throughout Jane Austen’s time period were constantly oppressed by social codes and expectations.These social codes included requirements from chaperoned dates to a limit of expression of emotion. Elizabeth’s strength of character penetrates these obstacles prompted by a largely patriarchal society and truly exemplifies the need for feminism in the novel and in Austen’s time period. Elizabeth, throughout the novel, is the foil for the rest of the society portrayed in Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Bennet comments at the beginning of the novel â€Å"‘They [the remaining four Bennet sisters] have none of them much to recommend them...they are all silly and ignorant like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters’† (Austen 3). From this point on, Elizabeth is the opposing force to the rest of society. While initially this opposition may at first seem more like a criticism of women, it is rather a criticism on how women are supposed to act. This use of character is also a way in which to draw out the stance Austen was wanting to take with Elizabeth, as stated by Hui-Chun Chang from the School of Humanities at Tsinghua University, â€Å"Austen’s skillful writing utilizesShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892, still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1467 Words   |  6 Pages Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is a classic novel that has remained relevant even years after its release. Its themes and symbols are understandable to even the most modern of reader. One of the many themes is sisterhood, something that is focused on constantly throughout the novel. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist of the novel, finds many of her decisions to be based upon the actions of her sisters. Making sisterhood a main driving force. Whether they are conf iding in each other for marriageRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen872 Words   |  4 PagesIn my personal cherished novel, Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, the worlds of two immensely divergent people display the marxist idea of the importance of social status and its affect on the people. The two main characters seem to be on opposite ends of the earth in terms of an affluent Mr. Darcy being so privileged while on the contrary, Miss Elizabeth Bennet is of a lower class. Throughout the novel, there is a fine distinction between their clashing opinions and actions that are highly influencedRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageshe 18th century novel, Pride and Prejudice, by Jane Austen, is a fascinating book about a young woman’s struggle with family and love. Pride and Prejudice was originally published in 1813, but, the most common version of the story, and the one used for this research, is from the version published in 1892 , still by only Jane Austen, though many other authors have contributed to this book over time. Austen often references the class system at the time, often noting one of the multiple heroine’s struggleRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1285 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice Analysis I.Introduction Jane Austen wrote her novels during the time period known as the Regency. The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason, a time where ideas like democracy, secularism, and the rise of developing sciences were making their way across Europe had come to an end.It was replaced with the wave of horror that was the French Revolution, a once minor revolt that escalated into a violent war, concluding with the rise of Napoleon, which whom England fought against the majorityRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1384 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Voyatzis Professor W. Acres HISTORY 1401E May 26, 2015 Discussion Paper - Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice written in 1813 by Jane Austen tells the story of The Bennet’s and their five unmarried daughters. The family live as part of the lower gentry in early 19th century England. With that being said, Mrs. Bennet’s primary focus in life is to ensure that all her daughters are married, preferably to wealthy men. The book begins with Mrs. Bennet seeing an opportunity for her daughtersRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe comical novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen depicts the love life of women in the early 1800’s. Austen shows the hardships young women in that time period had to go threw to find their place in this world. Women were thought of as objects to the men, they were supposed to be stay at home mothers, or simple just a accessory to their partner. Women were the subordinates in life, as they still are today. Austen tells the story of how Mrs. Bennet (a mother of 5) works tirelessly to get her daughte rsRead MoreJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 1086 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen, born December 16, 1775, was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Austen’s novels critique the life of the second half of the eighteenth century and are part of the transition to nineteenth-century realism. Though her novels were by no means autobiographical, her fictional characters do shed light on the facts of her life and but more importantly, they offered aspiring writers a model of howRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen914 Words   |  4 Pages Bell 1 Natalie Bell Pedersen English 4 honors 29 February 2016 Pride and Prejudice Essay Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, focuses on the social conflicts of England during the 1800s. Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy fall in love, and face social criticism. Mr. Darcy struggles with the ideology of societal expectations while falling in love with Elizabeth Bennet. After persistent self-reflection, Mr. Darcy overcomes the stereotype of whom he should marry, and marries ElizabethRead More Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesrate of over 50% from 1970-2010. However, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, marriage was often one of the few choices for a woman’s occupation. Reading Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen from the twenty-first century perspective might make some matters that are stressed in the book seem dated or trivial. As Pride and Prejudice was set sometime during the Napoleonic Wars, it is only fitting that finding a proper marriage is on the minds of many of the women in the book. Marriage and marrying

The War Of The British Rule From India - 1326 Words

However, Indians were exploited and apparently suffered due to other several cruel actions of/ taken by British. Their land, house and riches were taken away in some or the other way. Majority of people population loosed their hopes, some were still in hope of getting rid of the British and some were determined to remove British rule from India but there was no such string that could reunite people. people participated in many revolution but were not that much confident. They struggled a lot. Earlier kings and other aristocrats but common people came into confidence and were pumped up by lit. They were not able to express their miseries anyhow. However, people started expressing their desires and conditions through poems. This gave an idea to poets(also revolutionaries) to write poems and songs which had that much sense of patriotism that it moved people to do something for their motherland and for their freedom /the intensity of patriotism to that extend that after listening or r eading them, people should get moved to do something for their motherland/ to write poems and songs in which/where patriotism was at that magnitude from where it moved people to something good, to sacrifice their riches for their motherland and for their freedom. However, many poets wrote on whatever they saw but whatever they wrote, was such so charismatic that it immediately lit the fire in the souls of people. There are several poets who can also be called revolutionaries who wrote somethingShow MoreRelatedIndian India s Indian National Congress967 Words   |  4 PagesColonial History of India Some factors that lead India to independence from England was World War II, protests, and changes in government including the Indian National Congress. During World War II, when the Indian natives fought alongside the colonists against the imperial forces of Hitler, they came to the realization that they wanted independence after they finished fighting in the war . In August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi and other Quit India activists protested for independence which was the firstRead MoreBritish East Indi A Period Of Political Stability1457 Words   |  6 Pages1700’s the British started to gain economic relationships with India. The British East India Company set up a massive trading network and thrived off of an abundance of resources and highly demanded goods that they found in India. Indian cotton, silk, peppers, spices, and indigo were extremely successful in European trading markets. This success in the trading markets fueled English interest in India and led to expansion in to mainland India. Weak Mughal rule allowed for the British East India companyRead MoreThe British Rule Of India Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction: John Watts founded the British East India Company in the 1600s. Which use to trade unique goods that couldn’t be found in Britain. Some resources included gold/ mahogany/curry/silk/ivory. While the British were in India they made a lot of money exporting these goods. The British never saw India as a place to live more or a place to trade. A lot of British people move to North America instead of India. The British rule lasted a long time nearly 200 years. They found that communicationRead MoreBrief Information on Different Topics: Opium War, Taiping Rebellion, British Raj942 Words   |  4 Pages1. Muhammad Ali. 2. Tanzimat Reformsy. 3. Opium War 4. Treaty of Nanjing/Nanking 5. Taiping Rebellion 6. British Raj 7. Sepoy Rebellion 8. Indian National Congress 9. Clipper Ship 1. Muhammad Ali. (1769-1849) Muhammad Ali was the founder of a dynasty that ruled Egypt in the beginning of 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. He encouraged the emergence of the modern Egyptian state. In 1798, Egypt was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and occupied by FrenchRead MoreA Brief Note On Kashmir And Historical Perspective1308 Words   |  6 PagesGreat War, for Wilson national self-determination became the guiding principle and he resisted all efforts on part of the European colonists to re-arrange their colonies and continue with the same order of the old world. Through the efforts of Wilson, a mandate system was created, through which these colonial territories were to be governed. For much of the inter-war period (1918-1939), the spectre of imperial collapse haunted the British and French colonial empires. In the First World War, IndiaRead MoreThe First World War as a Turning Point in Britains Relations with India790 Words   |  4 PagesThe First World War as a Turning Point in Britains Relations with India The First World War was a definite turning point in Britain’s relations with India. The worldwide conflict between 1914 and 1918 was widely regarded as a disaster for European civilisation, ten million men were killed and twice as many were wounded, it changed the political social and economic issues behind British politics in a way not seen since. To show that it was a turning point in Britain’s Read MoreBritish Empire : A Major Cause Of The First World War1694 Words   |  7 Pages 11/18/14 Global 10 Mrs. DelFavero British Empire in India (1850-1914) Imperialism was a major cause of the first world war; the reason being is that imperialism often led to competition for land as well to nationalism and complex systems of alliances that led to several world powers going to war in 1914; one of those world powers was the British Empire. The British Empire’s presence in India is a perfect example of imperialism and its effects going into WWI. BeforeRead MoreGandhis Vision for India870 Words   |  4 PagesGandhi’s Vision for India Near the start of the twentieth century, India pursuit for national identity concentrates on achieving individualism from British rule. Indian nationalism put the British Empire’s grasp on India at risk. Because of the development of extensive railway system across India to make possible the export of natural resources brought about the conception of national unity by passing the people of the subcontinent in easy contact to each other. Furthermore, the British knew that smallRead MoreThe India And Pakistan Conflict Remains One Of The Most1381 Words   |  6 Pages The India and Pakistan conflict remains one of the most unfaltering and unresolved conflicts of our time. Since the birth of the nation in 1947, conflict ensued over religion and territory dividing the great nation into two independent states, today known as India and Pakistan. The history of relations between the two nations follows an oscillating track between times of peace and resumptions of wars and crises. Conflict expanded to encompass a broad range of issues from terrorism to a nuclearRead MoreEffects Of The Collapse Of The British Empire : Decolonization1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Collapse of the British Empire: Decolonization During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the British Empire was the leading power of the world. From the mountains of India, to the farmlands of Kenya, Imperial Britain ruled over a quarter of the world’s population. Britain, was the empire in which the ‘sun never set.’ However, by the end of World War II (1939-1945), the imperial sun had begun to wane. Fueled by nationalistic sentiment, British colonies, dominions, and protectorates

Critical Thinking And Self Reflection, Tyson Foods Inc.

Through critical thinking and self-reflection, Tyson Foods Inc. will be able to uncover the truth claims, weigh the evidence, examine the underlying assumptions or opportunities, and eventually make appropriate decisions to reconstruct their current strategy (Kurucz, Colbert Wheeler, 2013). Critical reflection involves corporations evaluating the relationship between business, society, and the environment that is currently framed in the existing business model as well as introduce opportunities and challenges (Kurucz et al., 2013). Some questions Tyson Foods Inc. must ask to identify these assumptions are: How is the existing relationship between business, society, and the environment currently framed outside of the organization? How can†¦show more content†¦This provides them with the opportunity to reconstruct their current position and look at implement strategic management concepts that can increase profitability and corporate social responsibility. Tysons Food Inc. can utilize external assessments to better understand the non-controllable industry environment and competitor strategies, some of which could include PESTLE, Porter’s Industry 5 Forces, or Stakeholder Theory. Through utilizing the PESTLE evaluation with regards to the livestock production sector, it’s evident that political, technology, and legal are the largest forces shaping animal agriculture today. Government regulations by the United States and the ever-changing consumer preferences are important variables to consider in the livestock production industry. For example, if government issued policies showed to be in favour of chicken production, it would be in Tyson Foods Inc. best interest to raise and slaughter chickens rather than retrieve eggs from them. Similarly, if consumer preferences shift from chicken to beef or pork, Tysons would be required to rethink their current production strategy to align appropriately with the current trend. Additionally, technologica l advances in the livestock industry has made it possible for many corporations to significantly improve the efficiency and environmental sustainability of their production. The core driving forces for this improved technology is population growth, increase in income, andShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesrich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEducation, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., PermissionsRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesthomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView Pro  ® are registered trademarks of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephewsRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 PagesRitter and Martin Plessner, London, The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1962 French B. Bakhouche, F. Fauquier, B. Pà ©rez-Jean: Picatrix Un traità © de magie mà ©dià ©val. 388 p., 130 x 210 mm, 2003, Paperback ISBN 2-503-51068-X, EUR 37.91. Newest critical edition. French S. Matton, La magie arabe traditionelle, Paris, 1977 (incomplete) Latin Picatrix: The Latin Version of the Ghà ¢yat Al-Hakà ®m, ed. David Pingree (London, Warburg Institute, 1986). Spanish Abul-Casim Maslama ben Ahmad: Picatrix (El

The Benefits of Dramatic Play in Cognitive and Creative...

The earliest years of life are some of the most important in a persons life. Childhood is a time of physical, mental, emotional, and social development. There are many factors that help contribute to these developments such as a nutritious diet, nurturing, emotional support, and physical activity, especially play. Playing is a very important part of childhood and can be beneficial to the development of the child and is the focus of my discussion. First, I will describe the four different types of play; second, I will argue the beneficial effects of dramatic play on cognitive and creative skills by presenting the significant findings of two correlation studies as well as their limitations. Scientists have observed and analyzed†¦show more content†¦The second kind of play is constructive play and it refers to making something from objects; this is typical for children between the ages of three and six (Fromberg, 2006). Examples of constructive play include: drawing with crayons, playing with building blocks, molding something out of clay, etc. Constructive play can be further categorized: it will be helpful however, to distinguish between several types of products in constructive play: the pattern, the object, the system, and the sequence (Fromberg, 2006). For example, a child who is playing with blocks or coloring with crayons might create patterns in their work, and for older children this is important to observe because they translate their play with patterns into the notations of mathematics, music and computer language (Fromberg, 2006). Fromberg (2006) makes further observations based on Forman and Hill (1984): a child who is engaged in constructive p lay just to play has a much different experience than a child creating something with a goal in mind. It is possible to play constructively without having a finish product in mind, or to play in order to achieve the end-goal. Here we can clearly see that Smilansky’s categories can be distinguished further than she originally proposed. Dramatic play takes imagination and it is what Smilansky (1968) described as role-playing and engaging in make-believe or pretendShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Dramatic Play On Children983 Words   |  4 PagesDramatic play gives children many opportunities to grow and learn. Children will learn communication skills, physical skills and children will also be able to use imagination and be able to be creative with their own ideas. Dramatic play can give children so many opportunities to grow without them even knowing. Dramatic play will help children gain communication skills just by talking with the other children. In order for the children to play together they must listen to one another and be ableRead MoreChildhood Education : Developmentally Appropriate Practices885 Words   |  4 Pageschildren love to play. On the surface, play may seem like an activity children should engage in when they are not learning. However research indicates great benefits of play. Those of us involved in early childhood education should be mindful to keep up with current research on developmentally appropriate practices, like play. Play supports children’s development in the important domains of physical, aesthetic, cognitive, social, emotional, and language development. Dr. Stone presents play as an â€Å"intrinsicallyRead MoreBenefits of Art Education1235 Words   |  5 PagesSteps to Art Early Childhood Arts Education Initiative Fact Sheet About the Benefits of Arts Education for Children Benefits of Arts Education Source: Americans for the Arts, 2002 * Stimulates and develops the imagination and critical thinking, and refines cognitive and creative skills. * Has a tremendous impact on the developmental growth of every child and has proven to help level the learning field across socio-economic boundaries. * Strengthens problem-solving and critical-thinkingRead MorePlay Based Learning : A Context For Learning1615 Words   |  7 PagesPlay-based learning has been defined as â€Å"a context for learning through which children organise and make sense of their social world as they engage actively with people, objects and representations† (DEEWR, 2009). Playing is one of the most important parts of a child’s development phase. The characteristics of play include active where children use their bodies and minds in their play, communicative where children will share knowledge of their play with others, enjoyable where they will be able toRead MoreMy Mission At Woodley Road Pre School1310 Words   |  6 Pageslead by a supportive and caring administrator and staff. We offer students an opportunity to learn and develop in a creative environment. Our vision is to help support learning to each individual child we come in contact with. The Creative Curriculum for Preschool: Five Components form a frame work that is applied in each of the classroom interest areas and outdoors. The Creative Curriculum operates from five fundamental Principles Elements †¢ Positive interaction and relationships with adultsRead MoreClassroom Curriculum And Schools Provide Greater Opportunities For Children3219 Words   |  13 Pages Play is fundamental to healthy cognitive, intellectual, emotional and social development. It is so important to optimal child development that play has been recognized by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights as a right of every child. However, with today’s hurried and pressured lifestyles children may not be receiving the full benefits of play. With declining opportunities for children to experience free play, it is imperative that classroom curriculum and schools provide greaterRead MoreThe Importance Of Discovering The Talent For Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction This paper focuses on the importance of discovering the talent each child has and ways to nurture the talent or creative the creative side. Art, music and dance are some common forms of creativity; however creative thought appears in almost all aspects of life. This research paper is written on how important creativity is and why is should be nurtured. I also included information on how creativity is valuable in the classroom, at home and also how it’s beneficial in the child’s futureRead MoreThe Creative Curriculum Program Is An Effective Learning Style981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Creative Curriculum program is an effective learning style that assists preschool children ranging from ages 3 to 5 years old. Founded by a former preschool teacher, Diane Trister Dodge, this early childhood education program with a comprehensive curriculum is structured to be directed by the teacher, but initiated by the children. The philosophy of the Creative Curriculum is to allow the ch ildren to learn at their best efforts in an environment that is safe and open for exploration. Child centersRead MoreThe Centrality Of Play For A Child s Social Development1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe centrality of Play for a child’s social development Play is so important in a child’s development that the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights has recognized it as a right of every child (Parents Magazine, 2015). Play is also important in social development as highlighted in my poster for parents, this rationale of my poster will discuss the key theories, processes and messages that are presented when looking at how play affects social development. Many theorists including VygotskyRead MoreMy Philosophy Of Children s Learning1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthe aspects of the cognitive developmental philosophy, Piaget’s framework, which is grounded within all realms of development in early childhood. The cognitive based philosophy highlights a program that encourages students to build knowledge in an atmosphere molded around active exploration. This approach captures learning with enriching materials, filled with opportunities to engage with other classmates through socialization, play, and most importantly commun ication. The cognitive based philosophy

Sociology Management

Question: Discuss the sociological concepts and re-interpret them from the context of your experience to your new, imagined social circumstance? Answer: Key sociological characteristics that makes a person a social individual Sociology is the scientific study that determines the social behavior of the individual in a society. The social characteristics thus derived from the sociology are the basic requirements that the individual must fulfill in order to become a part of the society (Macionis, 2010). Depending on the social characteristics, the individuals frame their behavior. The social characteristic of an individual depends upon the social background of the individual. Some of the general social characteristics are namely age, gender, income level, level of education, racial status and nationality, religion status (Cuba, 2002). I am a male native citizen of Australia; my social identity has been structured as per the cultural norms, and societal values existing in Australia. Culture is the values and the norms that shape the identity of an individual. The cultural history of the individual forms the base of the character like youth culture is characterized by young population and hip hop culture is characterized by modern populations (McAreavey, 2012). Being a native of Australia I grew up in the Western culture. Australia, which was previously inhabited by immigrated population of different caste and religions, adopts a pluralistic society norm to enable easy livelihood of the natives as well as immigrants in Australia. The western and the mixed culture of Australia have also given me the opportunity to engage myself into different sporting activities and taste different cuisines and delicacies . In Asian cultures, it is regarded as a male courtesy to pay the bill when a female in a public food court accompanies a male. However, the equality act prevailing in Australia taught me to consider equal shares in every issue from females as well. The education system of Australia shows that the individual should get the right to take decisions about their further educational facilities. Hence, my family gave me the opportunity to make my choice of career and education. However, the democracy prevailing within the Australian society has made the teenagers disrespectful to the seniors although they are seniors by age. I was taught to address every person by their first names irrespective of their age (Boyd and Tsiolkas, 2012). There is no official religion in Australia and since I am a native Australian by religion hence I did not face any barrier in relation to religious adoption. Christian based population characterizes around two thirds of the total Australian population. However, the rest of the 36% of the population comprises of fast growing Islamic migrants. The free culture of Australia has helped me to keep a friendly attitude and informal tone in the conversation. The values and the societal norms in Australia prohibit the males from making high degree of physical contact at the time of meeting of greeting the opposite gender (Boyd and Tsiolkas, 2012). The Australian men are not comfortable in displaying a strong affection for their male friends. Hence, I am not comfortable in public display of emotions in case of greeting my male friends. Although I am comfortable in showing friendly gestures and affections towards my female friends and partners, however I am not very comfortable with the same ge nder. Since the health departments of Australia provides the guidelines prohibiting acts of smoking in bars, pubs, apartments, university campuses and also in apartments hence I along with majority of the population restrain from smoking (Andrews et al., 2012). Even if a visitor in my apartment decides to smoke, I request them to smoke outside my apartments, as I am equipped with the practice. Cancelling of invitation appointments is considered an act of rudeness in Australian culture. The culture states that the individual can deny the invitation at the time when the invitation is made however once the individual accepts the invitation the possibility of cancelling the appointment will make the individual a defaulter (Anson et al. 2000). Education is one of the important factors that build the personality of an individual. Australian education system provides facilities like private schooling, online education and education to the aged population. Hence being an Australian I have highly benefited from the presence of large number of technical universities and diverse graduate programs. I had a huge choice in matter of educational institutions and was able to avail business education for future professional help. The modern Australian society adopts the concept of ethnocentrism. This adoption has taught me to pat due respect to all religions, customs and behavior of the persons of other religions. I have been taught to judge the other ethnic groups and religion groups based solely on the values and standards of my own culture (Macionis, 2010). Evaluation of the social life in different prospective In this part of the essay, I have imagined myself in a different set of social circumstances. I have imagined myself as a female born in an Islamic family in some other country. Further, I have imagined that I had migrated to Australia in my teenage years in order to pursue higher studies. Keeping the changed social characteristics in mind I have tried to analyze the changes in culture and values which I would have experienced while my stay in Australia. Living as a female in Australia would have resulted in both advantages and disadvantages for me. The Australian society is very open to the career success of the women unlike the Asian and the Islamic cultures (McAreavey, 2012). The CEO of the majority of the companies designs their targets in a flexible manner so that it is equally easier and achievable for both male and female employees. Around 50% of the workforce consists of female workers because the Australian culture is not restrictive towards female employment. Moreover, The Australian culture allows the women to make gestures, show affections and be frank ad informal with both male as well as female partners. This would have helped me to make more friends and give me an opportunity to live an exciting and happy life. However, the male centric culture prevailing in Australia has increased the level of female poverty in Australia. Since majority of the female counterparts in a relation are working in Australia hence the males in the relationship financially abuse them and control their economic resources. Racial component of an individual also plays an important role in shaping the character of the individual in a particular society (Schaefer, 2010). The categorizing in the races is done based on characteristics like skin color, facial features, and hair texture and body shape. Australian government used raccialization in the early years to restrict the migration of the students. The Immigration Restriction Act 1901 also known as the white Policy restricted the entry of the Asians in Australia. However gradually the Australian government realized that the labor market of Australia requires British intervention so the white policy was amended however, the non-European migration is still restricted in Australia (Boyd and Tsiolkas, 2012). As a migrant from a different country, I would have also faced problems with the migration issues of Australia. Initially Australia encouraged international students to migrate from all over the world in order to increase the quality of the labor market . However, with the overflow of the migration, the quality of education of the students was hampered and the educational institutions in Australia lost their reputation. Hence as a migrant, I would have to clear the impaction examination levels in order to get access to Australian citizenship. Moreover, the free culture of Australia did not prohibit the males from performing acts like wife desertion. The widowhood and concept of single mothers are very common for the women in Australia. However, the absence of any social safety policies and absence of any social worker group in Australia has forced majority of the widows and single mothers to opt for professions like pub keeping and bar tenders. Especially in cases of migrated students who are not able to secure good educational facilities in Australia opt for these jobs in order to meet their expenses. Although Australian society teaches the native citizens to adopt ethnocentrism however there is a negative attitude which I would have encountered being an individual from Islamic background. The adoption of ethnocentrism is not completely seen in the Australian society and hence there is a still religious bar for the individuals in the society (Andrews et al., 2012). The prevalence of informal use of language in Australia would have made me uncomfortable, as the Australians generally tend to use slang language, humor and irony in their informal conversation with each other. Being from an Islamic society it would have made it difficult for me to adjust to the informal delivery of language. Unlike a citizen of Australia, I would not get the medical advantage and reduction o medical expenses. The free dating and causal relationship acceptance culture of Australia would have made it difficult for me to maintain my native family culture. There is also another advantage where the Australians prefer doing their own work. The Australian households generally do not employ servants. The women in Australia undertake dual tasks of performing domestic as well as professional activities. Hence, this would have taught me to be independent and developed a sense of self-sufficiency (Macionis, 2010). Reference list Andrews, S., Johnson, B., Carter, D., Holmes, D., Holmes, D., Haralambos, M. and Carl, J. (2012).Modern Australian society. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Anson, Chris M. and Schwegler, R. A. (2000) The Longman Handbook for Writers. 2nd ed. New York: Longman Boyd, R. and Tsiolkas, C. (2012).The Australian ugliness. Melbourne, Vic.: Text Publishing. Cuba. L. (2002) A Short Guide to Writing about Social Science. 4th ed. New York: Longman Macionis, J. (2010).Sociology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. McAreavey, R. (2012). Demographic change in Australia's rural landscapes: implications for society and the environment.Australian Planner, 49(4), pp.376-377. Schaefer, R. (2010).Sociology. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Nursing Models and Development Methodical Examination

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Models and Development for Methodical Examination. Answer: Introduction Research is known as the methodical examination and study of equipments and sources to develop facts and reach new conclusions. It helps to shape and enhance peoples understanding about the world around them (Kirkwood Price, 2014). Psychologists, through research findings can easily describe behavior of people that includes how people think and act in certain ways. Research is important for several reasons as it helps to expand knowledge and discovers new areas. According to Henwood (2014), research is important as it is an instrumental in developing and enhancing knowledge that facilitates efficient learning. On the other hand, research also plays a major role in business. Most of the successful companies, especially those companies who are involved in producing consumer goods and services are investing heavily in their research and development departments (Bryman Bell, 2015). However, different business industries such as agriculture, food and beverage, healthcare, computer softw are, construction and aviation also have high research and development expenditure as it leads to product innovation and improved services (Lewis, 2015). Terry Freedman, in this book The Importance of Research for ICT Teachers precisely stated that research allows people to know and understand issues that they did not even know existed (Cohen, 2013). Besides it is also true that conducting research motivates people to explore possibilities to identify current problems and to disclose truths and fabricated ones. In order to maintain the credibility of the research the academic sector heavily depends on the reliability aspects and validity aspects of the research content. The validity represents the degree of accuracy of the measurement of research content. For instance, in a research project the depression can be explored with help of well-designed survey. However, there are no valid measures to evaluate the anxiety. Another simple example can be formed so as to depict the concept of validity. An alarm set for 6.30 a.m. rings at 7 a.m. every day. These particular incident may be considered as reliable but not valid. There are three categories of validity, which are construct validity, content validity as well as criterion-related validity. On the other hand, the reliability refers to the consistency of the measures in contents of the entire research project. For instance, if any respondents perform approximately similar results against any test within a research, the phenomenon would be cons idered as reliability of the test. However, the academic research cannot produce a precise calculation of the test at every time. There are four categories of reliability that have been noticed in academic research, are test-retest reliability, parallel forms reliability, inter-rater reliability as well as internal consistency reliability. Validity Validity in research can be described as the degree to which a research study measures what it intends to quantify (mite Turhan, 2013). Mainly two types of validity are there which are internal and external. Internet validity means the validity of the measurement and test itself where external measurement means the capability to generalize the findings to the target population. Content Validity Content validity demonstrates the degree a theory considers all parts of a particular condition (Noble and Smith, 2015). For instance, a business that needs to assess the quantity of workers, who are happy with their occupations utilizing temperament, must look at that content validity of the scale. It will help the association to guarantee that exceptionally critical components identified with occupation fulfilment are considered. As said by Lakshmi and Mohideen (2013), content validity is likewise viewed as logical validity. The content validity shows the degree to which an appraisal shows all parts of the expressed thought. Content validity is to a great degree divergent from face validity, as face validity alludes not to what the test initially ascertains, but rather to what anyone knows assess. Face validity surveys a test is legitimate to the examinees who take it or not. The Content validity needs the utilization of perceived topic specialists to ascertain whether test charact erized content and more comprehensive measurable tests that does the assessment of face validity (Ary et al., 2013). Content validity is integral to criterion validity, as it is a helpful marker of the favoured quality. In the hindsight, if none of the components of that test is identified with the principal idea, then the estimation will be one-sided. For the most part, content validity is subjective in nature that asks whether a specific component enhances or brings down a test or research program. Face validity needs singular judgment, for example it inquires the members whether they felt that a test was built legitimately and it was valuable or not. In addition, content validity serves to discover a similar answer. It utilizes diverse methodologies that rely upon measurements, ensuring a capable sort of validity (Elo et al., 2014). Because of reviews and tests, each question is sent to a board of master investigators where those examiners rate it. After gathering opinions from those analysts, it is measured that whether the question is essential or irrelevant to evaluate the construct under study. A major example related to content legitimacy is exhibited below. A school needs to enrol another science instructor. In this situation, a board of governors begins to scan through a few applicants. Those governors will then adumbrate a waitlist and will then set a test, which will select a candidate with the best score. However, in the end he proves to be a poor science teacher (Lund et al., 2014). Then the board starts to find out where they went wrong. It was found that most of the questions were related to physics; therefore, the school got a talented physics teacher. However, the requirement was to recruit a science teacher who can teach biology, chemistry and psychology. In this way, the content validity of the test was not good. The score did not speak to the build of "being a capable science instructor." Then the school expert upgraded the test. Then the test was reshaped by the school authority. Then the candidates were asked again to take the test from where the school found a reliable and qualified science teacher (Cook et al., 2013). Th erefore, it can be said that this test had a higher rational validity. Criterion Validity Criterion validity, which is also known as criterion related validity, evaluates how well one predicts an outcome for another measure. A test can have this kind of validity that it is valuable for foreseeing execution or conduct in another condition (past, present or potentially future). For example, a competitor takes an assessment test amid the meeting strategy (Jensen, 2013). After taking this test, if it is possible to precisely predict how well that candidate will perform, then this test have criterion validity. In other cases, GRE that graduate students take also includes criteria validity as it helps to predict how well a student will perform in graduate students. Criterion validity is also called as predictive validity that assesses how much the test scores measuring one test condition in tried and true with other rule being measured. For instance, in an achievement test is gone for assessing a typical fifth grader's achievement, then it is huge that both the dialect abilities and science tests are appropriately adjusted for a normal fifth grader (Yin, 2013). The most concerning issue identified with criterion validity is when utilized as a part of the sociologies, pertinent rule factors are difficult to recognize. There are three types of criterion validities available, which are predictive validity, concurrent validity and postdictive validity. If a test can perfectly forecast what it is supposed to predict, then it can be called as predictive validity. For instance, SAT displays predictive validity for performance in college. This kind of validity accumulates scores from the indicator measures at first and after that gathers criterion data (Shepard, 2016). Then again, because of simultaneous legitimacy, indicator and criterion data are gathered in the meantime. It can allude to when a test replaces another test. For example, test for a driver is supplanted by an in-person test with an educator. Postdictive legitimacy can be utilized if the test is an appropriate measure of something that occurred sometime recently. Concurrent validity is another part of criterion validity that alludes to an examination between the referred assessment and a result surveyed in the meantime. Construct Validity Construct validity refers to the capability of an evaluation tool such as survey and a test to actually evaluate the psychological concept being studied. For example, if someone wants to know his heights, he would use a tape and not a bathroom scale as height measurements are showed in inches not in pounds. According to Hulteen et al. (2015), construct validity refers to the degree to which inferences can properly be made from the operationalizations in the study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were depended. Likewise external validity, construct validity is related to generalizing. However, external validity involves generalizing from study context to other people places or time where construct validity involves from generalizing from measures to the concepts of given program. Construct validity is mostly used in education, social sciences and psychology. It demonstrates that a test is originally evaluating the construct it claims it is measuring. For instance, if one tries to figure out whether an educational program enhances emotional maturity in elementary school age children or not, construct validity will help to evaluate of the research is actually measuring emotional maturity or not (Darawsheh, 2014). However, it is not easy to measure construct validity as. Numbers of measures are needed to properly demonstrate construct validity that includes pilot studies and clinical trials. The biggest reason that it is hard to measure is in the social sciences, lot of subjectivity and most constructs have no original unit of measurement. According to Leung (2015), after World War II, many attempts were made to apply statistics to constructs validity. However, all the solutions were too complicated to use in real life. In some situations, such as clinical trial s, statistical tests like a students test can be used to determine if there is a significant difference between pretests and post tests. Validity in quantitative design Validity is an important aspect that helps to validate quantitative research. As per Lub (2015), validity is the degree to which evidence assists that the interpretations of the data are correct and the manner in which interpretations will be used is proper Hartas, (2015). Therefore, it can be said that validity helps to obtain results that are truthful and believable. In order to determine the validity, researchers normally develop a series of questions and will look for answers in the research of others to understand whether the measurements are precise or not. The significance of validity can be seen however content legitimacy. Content validity takes a gander at whether the instrument appropriately covers all the substance that concerns the variable. In lucid words, it attempts to discover the instrument that covers the whole space identified with the variable. For example, in a nursing course, the guidelines about general wellbeing, an examination with content validity will cover all the substance. The guidelines put an emphasis on the themes that had gotten greater scope (Heale and Twycross, 2015). The conventional criteria for validity entrenched in a positive way. The aspect of positivism has been portrayed by a methodical theory of validity. Within the matrix of positivism, the validity was the outcome and finish of other observational originations, for example, confirm, truth, reality, reason and scientific information. Validity recognizes whether the examination initially assesses and discovers appropriate information or not (Jensen, 2013). It can be said that the validity in quantitative research is construct validity. Construct is the underlying idea, thought, question or theory that guarantees which information should be accumulated and how it must be assembled. Another measure of validity is criterion validity. A paradigm is whatever other instrument that measures a similar variable. Through criterion validity, connections can be led to guarantee the degree to which the different instruments measure a similar variable. There are three ways through which criterion validity can be measured which are convergent validity, divergent validity and predictive validity (Cook et al., 2016). Convergent validity helps to show that a tool is extremely correlated with other tools that are evaluating the same variable. Divergent validity displays when an instrument is ineffectively associated to different devices that are measuring a similar variable and Predictive variable implies that the apparatus must have high connections with future paradigms. For example, a score of high self-viability identified with directing an assignment must foresee the positive possibilities a member have while finishing the errand. Validity in qualitative design As far as qualitative research work, the idea of legitimacy is depicted by a colossal scope of terms. This idea cannot be portrayed as a solitary, settled or all-inclusive idea; nevertheless, "rather a reliant construct, unavoidably stranded in the strategies and aims of specific research procedures and tasks." However, some subjective specialists have contended that the word validity is not relevant for subjective research work (Lewis, 2015). In addition, they have understood that it is imperative to possess some sort of qualifying check or measure for their examination. For example, it is understood that the validity is to a great degree, influenced by the impression of specialists in the review and his decision of worldview supposition. Subsequently, a ton of scientists has set up their own particular ideas of legitimacy. At the same time, they have created or embraced what they consider in legitimate way, for example, quality, rigour and dependability. Discussion identified with quality in subjective research started from the concerns about validity in quantitative establishment. It includes substituting new expression for words, for example, legitimacy to reflect interpretivism originations (McKibbe and Silvia, 2016). While looking for the importance of thoroughness in research, it is found that the utilization of the thought meticulousness in subjective research must be not the same as those in quantitative research by obliging that there is an inclination in subjective research. In this way, new origination meticulousness can be clarified as subjectivity, reflexivity and the social correspondence of talking. Then again, researchers contend that maintaining dependability of an examination report completely relies on upon the issues that are talked about in legitimacy (Smith, 2015). Finding out truth through measures of legitimacy is supplanted by the possibility of dependability. It is solid and sets up trust in the discoveries. With a specific end goal to guarantee legitimacy the initial step ought to be to choose an all around prepared and gifted mediator. A decent arbitrator or facilitator will check individual inclination and desires are at the entryway. Nevertheless, with a decent mediator, it is likewise vital to recognize a decent example. Ensure that members are genuinely individuals from the fragment from which they are enlisted (Hartas, 2015). One noteworthy issue is moral enrolling in subjective research, as information gathered from members who are not illustrative of their fragment will not accomplish appropriate outcomes. Another appropriate technique to elevate legitimacy is to utilize a system known as triangulation. To accomplish this, research is done from more than one point of view. This can appear as utilizing a few mediators, unique areas, and different people assessing similar information (Heale and Twycross, 2015). For the situation for a few candidates, or moment an association may choose to run some concentration amasses in parallel through two different investigates and after that at last think about the outcomes. Legitimacy in subjective research can likewise be checked by a strategy known as respondent approval. This procedure includes testing essential outcomes with members to check whether they are still unique. Another technique through which legitimacy can be built up is to effectively hope to discover elective clarifications (Jensen, 2013). In the event that an analyst can keep out supplementary situations, he will have the capacity to reinforce the legitimacy of the discoveries. With a specific end goal to do that it is essential to make inquiries in an opposite plan. Methods to create legitimacy in subjective research that is talked about can appear to be less substantial and particular than in a portion of the other precise orders. In this situation, solid and appropriate research strategies will ensure that a legitimate level of legitimacy is utilized as a part of subjective research. Reliability Reliability of the research can be considered as the extent while an instrument of the research exhibits consistency as well as stability through the results. There are four categories of reliability measures available in the academic research, which are described below: Test-retest reliability: It is an evaluation of the reliability of the results, which are attained by the test multiple times over a finite period. The results of the test need to be correlated so as to gauge the stability of the test results. For instance, a participant can partake in a test multiple times having an considerable interval. The correlated coefficient would be effective to indicate the results stability. Parallel forms reliability: It is an evaluation of the reliability of the results, which are attained by assessing the data collected from same individuals with different version of tools. However, the tools need to be probing similar knowledge base, skill as well as construct. Two different questionnaires with similar probing capability can be used to conduct the survey with similar participants in a parallel manner. The correlated coefficient would be effective to indicate the results stability. Inter-rater reliability: It is an evaluation of the reliability of the assessment decisions, which are attained from the judges or raters. It is most effective to conduct a practical analysis as in real life the human observers can always interpret the information in a different manner. It is highly useful in the case of subjective consideration of the judgments. Internal consistency reliability: It is an evaluation of the reliability of the different test items, which produces similar results. There are two different categories of internal consistency reliability, which are Average inter-item correlation: It is obtained by taking the average of correlation coefficients of the test items with similar probing ability. Split-half reliability: It is obtained by concluding the correlations between two halves of actual scores. Reliability in quantitative design Reliability has a very distinctive role in all kinds of research project including quantitative research study. In the context of quantitative study, most important evaluation is the quality of the study as far as elicitation of the information is concerned. Reliability of the quantitative study can be considered as the way to evaluate the quality with the aim of generating understanding on the quantitative research. However, according to Hartas (2015) the reliability study of the quantitative research project is often considered as irrelevant and confusing. On the other hand, Elo et al. (2014) has contradicted by stating that the reliability is a very influential factor in the context of designing any quantitative study as it would ensure the quality of the data analysis as well as quality judgment of the study. Darawsheh (2014) have been successful to reveal that the paradigm terms of the research project play a very significant role in judging its own quality level. In the quantitative study, the major criterions for quality are transferability or applicability, dependability or consistency, confirmability or neutrality and credibility. Cook et al. (2013) also supported by stating that the thorough assessment of process notes, data reduction products as well as raw data ensures the achievement the data consistency in any research. The examination of the trustworthiness is quite crucial in order to ensure the reliability of the quantitative research. Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2013) has been successful to produce an effective argument stating that the rules of good science must be redefined at the time of judging the quantitative study. However, Bryman and Bell (2015) also contradicted by stating that reliability has no relevance in the context of quantitative research, as it is highly con cerned of the measurement. Therefore, the study is often considered as wasted while the reliability measures are used. Bryman (2015) has been able to successfully reveal the congruence of reliability as well as extend the conceptualization spectrum of the reliability. It has been disclosed that demonstration of any measures between validity and reliability is sufficient to establish another measure, as the existence of each measure is evidence of other. It has been supported by Ary et al. (2013) with the statement, that reliability can be considered as the consequences of the validity measures. Reliability in qualitative design Reliability has a very distinctive role in all kinds of research project including qualitative research study. In the context of qualitative study, most important evaluation is the quality of the study as far as elicitation of the information is concerned. Reliability of the qualitative study can be considered as the way to evaluate the quality with the aim of generating understanding on the qualitative research. However, according to Hartas (2015) the reliability study of the qualitative research project is often considered as irrelevant and confusing. On the other hand, Elo et al. (2014) has contradicted by stating that the reliability is a very influential factor in the context of designing any qualitative study as it would ensure the quality of the data analysis as well as quality judgment of the study. Darawsheh (2014) have been successful to reveal that the paradigm terms of the research project play a very significant role in judging its own quality level. In the qualitative study, the major criterions for quality are transferability or applicability, dependability or consistency, confirmability or neutrality and credibility. Cook et al. (2013) also supported by stating that the thorough assessment of process notes, data reduction products as well as raw data ensures the achievement the data consistency in any research. The examination of the trustworthiness is quite crucial in order to ensure the reliability of the qualitative research. Cohen, Manion and Morrison (2013) has been successful to produce an effective argument stating that the rules of good science must be redefined at the time of judging the qualitative study. However, Bryman and Bell (2015) also contradicted by stating that reliability has no relevance in the context of qualitative research, as it is highly concern ed of the measurement. Therefore, the study is often considered as wasted while the reliability measures are used. Bryman (2015) has been able to successfully reveal the congruence of reliability as well as extend the conceptualization spectrum of the reliability. It has been disclosed that demonstration of any measures between validity and reliability is sufficient to establish another measure, as the existence of each measure is evidence of other. It has been supported by Ary et al. (2013) with the statement, that reliability can be considered as the consequences of the validity measures. Conclusion The above-description can effectively indicate that the reliability as well as validity plays a significant role in the context of measuring the credibility of the entire research project. In order to maintain the credibility of the research the academic sector heavily depends on the reliability aspects and validity aspects of the research content. The validity represents the degree of accuracy of the measurement of research content. There are three categories of validity, which are construct validity, content validity as well as criterion-related validity. On the other hand, the reliability refers to the consistency of the measures in contents of the entire research project. Reliability of the research can be considered as the extent while an instrument of the research exhibits consistency as well as stability through the results. There are four categories of reliability measures available in the academic research, which are test retest reliability, parallel forms reliability, inter -consistency reliability and inter rate reliability. The above study has been also successful to point out that the reliability and validity are highly influential measures for determining the credibility of both quantitative as well as qualitative research. However, in qualitative research the demonstration of validity can effectively prove the effectiveness of reliability. References Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., Sorensen, C. 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